Ethereum

TAC (TAC) is an EVM execution network built for the Telegram and TON ecosystems. Its core purpose is to allow TON users to access Ethereum applications directly through a cross-chain messaging mechanism.

Algorand (ALGO) is a high performance Layer1 blockchain built on the Pure Proof of Stake (PPoS) mechanism. It is mainly used to support payments, smart contracts, digital asset issuance, and financial grade on chain applications. As the blockchain industry gradually moves into DeFi, RWA, and enterprise financial infrastructure, Algorand is widely used in on chain scenarios that require high throughput, low latency, and instant finality. Its core feature is the use of a randomized consensus mechanism and fork free structure to seek a balance among security, scalability, and decentralization.

Gas Abstraction is an infrastructure mechanism aimed at simplifying blockchain interactions by allowing users to execute trades without the need to directly handle on-chain Gas payments. ETHGas leverages features such as Open Gas, account abstraction, and real-time block space coordination to deliver a more seamless Ethereum experience. Compared to the traditional Ethereum Gas model, Gas Abstraction focuses on application-level fee delegation, unified trading fee management, and real-time trade execution. This approach is widely considered a foundational element for the next generation of on-chain user experience.

ETHGas and the traditional Ethereum Gas Market both focus on Ethereum block space resources, but they differ significantly in how trades are executed and resources are coordinated. The traditional Ethereum approach mainly depends on a real-time Gas bidding mechanism, whereas ETHGas emphasizes real-time block space coordination, pre-confirmation, and the allocation of resources for future blocks. Compared to the conventional Gas Market, ETHGas aims to enhance trade efficiency and optimize on-chain interactions through a real-time execution layer and Gas abstraction mechanism. This direction is also considered a key part of the “Realtime Ethereum” infrastructure initiative.

ETHGas (GWEI) is an infrastructure protocol centered on Ethereum real-time blockspace, aiming to improve on-chain trade efficiency and reduce user barriers through mechanisms such as pre-confirmation, gas abstraction, and blockspace marketplace dynamics. With growing demand for trades on the Ethereum network, ETHGas is working to optimize Ethereum’s execution efficiency and user experience by enabling real-time block resource allocation and future blockspace trading. Key concepts like Realtime Ethereum, Open Gas, and Blockspace Market introduced by this protocol are also becoming new directions in the evolution of on-chain infrastructure.

ETHGas’s pre-confirmation mechanism is designed to enhance Ethereum’s Real Time transaction efficiency by enabling Trade to receive early execution confirmation before being officially included in a block. Unlike the traditional Ethereum model that relies solely on on-chain final confirmation, pre-confirmation reduces transaction wait times and improves Real Time on-chain interactions. ETHGas combines pre-confirmation with block space marketplace, Builder coordination, and Real Time execution processes, pioneering a new trade execution structure under the Real Time Ethereum Side.

The TAC token serves as the native asset of the TAC network, and is primarily used for EVM Gas payments, network staking validation, governance participation, ecosystem incentives, and economic settlement during cross-chain execution.

TAC uses the TON Adapter to transform TON user requests into cross-chain messages that can be executed within the EVM environment. The Sequencer network is responsible for verification, ordering, and coordinating execution.

As the Ethereum Layer 2 ecosystem expands rapidly, liquidity fragmentation and the complexity of cross-chain operations have become new challenges. The Ethereum Economic Zone (EEZ) is a technical framework designed to address these specific issues. In this article, you'll learn how EEZ works, its core technologies, and how it drives the vision of One Ethereum.

Sonic is a high performance Layer 1 blockchain protocol designed to deliver extremely high transaction throughput and instant finality. As decentralized applications increasingly demand real time interaction, Sonic achieves processing capacity of more than 10,000 TPS and confirmation speeds of around 0.8 seconds through its core Sonic technology stack, which includes the Carmen database and an optimized EVM execution layer. As a major technological leap for the Fantom ecosystem, it is fully compatible with the Ethereum development environment and addresses the scalability and storage efficiency bottlenecks that have long limited traditional blockchains through a rebuilt underlying architecture.

Fluent is a Layer 2 network developed on Ethereum, utilizing a Blended Execution architecture to allow applications from various virtual machines to run seamlessly on a single on-chain network.

Somnia Network (SOMI) is an ultra-high-performance, EVM-compatible Layer 1 blockchain. Its core breakthrough is the ability to achieve more than 1,000,000 TPS, or transactions per second, with sub-second finality. Through its self-developed IceDB database engine and parallel execution mechanism, Somnia addresses performance bottlenecks that have limited large-scale Web3 adoption. As an “Agentic L1,” it focuses on delivering on-chain reactivity for AI agents, real-time social applications, and fully on-chain metaverse environments, allowing high-frequency, low-latency consumer applications to run entirely on-chain at scale.

The technical core behind Somnia’s million-scale TPS lies in its low-level reconstruction of the EVM stack, mainly through the IceDB storage engine and its parallel execution engine. IceDB is a custom database built specifically for blockchain systems. By optimizing the Sparse Merkle Tree, or SMT, structure and reducing disk I/O friction, it directly addresses the read and write bottlenecks that traditional databases, such as LevelDB, face when handling massive state data. Combined with Somnia’s multithreaded parallel execution engine, transactions that do not interfere with one another can be distributed across multiple CPU cores and processed simultaneously.

Somnia and Monad are two of the most important representatives in the parallel EVM sector. Both aim to improve transaction throughput, but they take noticeably different technical paths. Monad relies mainly on Optimistic Parallel Execution and deferred execution to achieve 10,000 TPS while preserving Ethereum compatibility. Somnia, by contrast, performs a surgical reconstruction of the storage layer through its self-developed IceDB storage engine, combined with a multithreaded parallel mechanism designed to support industrial-grade workloads above 1,000,000 TPS. In simple terms, Monad optimizes the “ordering and processing” of execution flow, while Somnia removes the physical bottleneck of storage I/O at its root.

Stargate Finance is a cross-chain liquidity pool and liquidity protocol that allows users to transfer assets across different blockchains through its distinctive cross-chain bridging capabilities. Its main strength lies in providing seamless asset liquidity, addressing the high fees and inefficiencies often found in traditional cross-chain protocols. With its innovative architecture, Stargate plays an increasingly important role in the decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem and has become a key hub for connecting different blockchains.