Cuộc cách mạng song song của Solana: Vì sao các nhà phát triển đang từ bỏ các máy ảo truyền thống

You’ve probably heard Solana can do 65,000+ transactions per second. But here’s the real mind-bender: it’s not magic—it’s architecture.

While Ethereum’s EVM processes transactions like a single-lane highway (one after another), Solana’s Virtual Machine (SVM) is more like a multi-lane expressway. And the secret sauce? A parallel execution engine called SeaLevel that’s genuinely reshaping what’s possible on-chain.

The Core Difference: Sequential vs. Parallel

Ethereum VM: Transaction A finishes → Transaction B starts → Transaction C waits.

Solana VM: If Transactions A, B, and C touch different accounts? They execute simultaneously.

This single design choice cascades into everything:

• DeFi trades: 2,000-10,000 TPS vs. Ethereum’s 12-25 TPS
• NFT mints: 5,000+ parallel operations vs. Ethereum’s network choking at 60 TPS during hype
• Fee model: $0.00025 per transaction (Solana) vs. $0.50-$15 (Ethereum during congestion)
• Finality: 400-600ms settlement vs. Ethereum’s 12+ seconds

Under the Hood: How SVM Actually Works

Solana programs are written in Rust—not Solidity. Here’s why that matters:

1. Rust → sBPF compilation: Your code compiles to Solana’s optimized bytecode (secure eBPF)
2. Explicit account passing: Every contract call lists exactly which data it reads/modifies
3. Parallel scheduler: The network analyzes account access patterns and batches non-overlapping instructions
4. Result: Microsecond-level execution with zero race conditions

This explicit account model is the opposite of Ethereum’s storage model—and it’s the reason Solana scales. You can’t accidentally create hidden dependencies.

SVM vs. EVM: The Real Comparison

The trade-off: Solana is faster, cheaper, and built for real-time apps. Ethereum has more historical case studies and a larger dev community.

Why This Matters for Builders

Imagine you’re building:

• A gaming platform: Solana’s millisecond settlement is a game-changer (pun intended)
• A DEX: You can handle 10x the trading volume on Solana’s infrastructure
• An NFT platform: Batch minting becomes viable without $50+ gas fees

The SVM also unlocked a new pattern: SVM rollups and appchains. Projects like Eclipse (Ethereum L2), Nitro, and Cascade now use Solana’s execution engine on other blockchains, proving the architecture is the real innovation—not just Solana itself.

Getting Started: The Practical Path

1. Install Rust: curl --proto ‘=https’ --tlsv1.2 -sSf | sh
2. Set up Solana CLI: sh -c “$(curl -sSfL)”
3. Install Anchor framework: cargo install --git anchor-cli --locked
4. Init project: anchor init my_app
5. Code in programs/ folder, deploy to devnet first

Pro tip: The Anchor framework abstracts boilerplate—start here, not raw Rust syscalls.

Common mistakes:

• Forgetting to pass all required accounts (the VM will reject it)
• Not benchmarking on testnet before mainnet (Solana devnet is fast but doesn’t reflect real congestion)

The Security Question

SVM’s Rust foundation gives it inherent memory safety—no buffer overflows, no undefined behavior. But it’s not risk-free:

• Improper account validation = exploitable logic
• Privileged syscalls need careful handling
• Smart contract audits are still essential

EVM has more historical security battle scars and a larger audit ecosystem, but SVM’s design prevents entire classes of bugs (reentrancy, for instance, is nearly impossible).

Where This Is Headed

The SVM ecosystem is fragmenting in interesting ways:

• Eclipse and Nitro: Using SVM for Ethereum L2s
• Cascade: Modular SVM templates for custom chains
• New languages: Experimental support beyond Rust is coming

The bigger play? Solana proved parallel execution actually works at scale. Other chains are now copying the pattern. But for now, SVM has a 2-3 year head start in tooling, talent, and real production load.

The Bottom Line

Solana VM isn’t just faster—it fundamentally rethinks how blockchains execute code. If you’re building anything requiring real-time settlement, high throughput, or sub-penny fees, SVM deserves serious evaluation.

The learning curve is real (Rust), but the upside is tangible: 100x the throughput of Ethereum, at 1% of the cost.